BACKGROUND THEORY
At first, the beginning, the theory raised by Fritz Heider was born. Heider research how the creation of personal relationships he describes in the book: The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, published in 1958. Heider In the book accompanying concept he calls "common-sense" or "naive" psychology. Heider believes that a person's actions berdasarkaan their beliefs. Heider convey the basic idea, that people try to find whether a motivation of an observed behavior is caused by situational characteristics or personal. So the concept of "causal attribution" - As time goes on Heider's theory evolved. This theory was developed by E.E. Jones and K.E.Davis (1965) and expanded and clarified by H.H.Kelley (1979).
PRINCIPLES THEORY
Attribution is one conclusion as to the cause of an event, the cause of other people's behavior, and the behavior it self. Attribution theory is concerned with the procedures in which people explain the behavior and motivations of others.
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Showing posts with label Teori Komunikasi Intrapersonal. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Teori Komunikasi Intrapersonal. Show all posts
Monday, June 23, 2014
Adaptive Structuration Theory By Marshall Scott Poole
BACKGROUND
Marshall Scott Poole is a professor of communication at Texas A & M University who developed the Theory of Adaptive Structuration. This theory is based on the Theory of Structuration (Structuration Theory) Anthony Giddens. This theory is defined as "the production and reproduction of social systems through the use of rules and resources of members in interaction". DeSanctis and Poole adapted Giddens theory to study the interaction of groups and organizations with information technology and called Adaptive Structuration Theory.
The concept of Giddens Structuration inspired the Theory of Adaptive Structuration by Poole, Poole called his theory of adaptive because group members deliberately adjust resources to meet the goals and rules. Poole believes that the value of the theory group of decision makers who make a foothold on the complexity of the interaction.
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Marshall Scott Poole is a professor of communication at Texas A & M University who developed the Theory of Adaptive Structuration. This theory is based on the Theory of Structuration (Structuration Theory) Anthony Giddens. This theory is defined as "the production and reproduction of social systems through the use of rules and resources of members in interaction". DeSanctis and Poole adapted Giddens theory to study the interaction of groups and organizations with information technology and called Adaptive Structuration Theory.
The concept of Giddens Structuration inspired the Theory of Adaptive Structuration by Poole, Poole called his theory of adaptive because group members deliberately adjust resources to meet the goals and rules. Poole believes that the value of the theory group of decision makers who make a foothold on the complexity of the interaction.
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Social Influence Theory By Paul F. Lazarsfeld
BACKGROUND
Paul F. Lazarsfeld was born in Viena, Austria, February 13, 1901., He was a son of Robert Lazarsfeld, a lawyer, and Sofie Munk, F. Lazarsfeld Psikologi.Paul this is a mathematics undergraduate at the University of Viena Lazarsfeld also a Graduate sociology of Comunicólogo sociological Austria is one of the most influential social experts in the era of mass. Because kerorisinalnya and unity of ideas, energy and personal attractiveness, productivity and social research he did, his influence in the field of sociology and social research has been the recognition in America and Europe. He has found a variety of theories, and one of them is the Theory of Social Influence.
The Social Influnce Theory originated from the need arises opinion leaders to convey the message to the audience, then along with the development time and the more modern era, the way the messenger conveyed through advertising. The appearance of the message through an advertisement because in order to be more effective and efficient way of delivering the message.
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Paul F. Lazarsfeld was born in Viena, Austria, February 13, 1901., He was a son of Robert Lazarsfeld, a lawyer, and Sofie Munk, F. Lazarsfeld Psikologi.Paul this is a mathematics undergraduate at the University of Viena Lazarsfeld also a Graduate sociology of Comunicólogo sociological Austria is one of the most influential social experts in the era of mass. Because kerorisinalnya and unity of ideas, energy and personal attractiveness, productivity and social research he did, his influence in the field of sociology and social research has been the recognition in America and Europe. He has found a variety of theories, and one of them is the Theory of Social Influence.
The Social Influnce Theory originated from the need arises opinion leaders to convey the message to the audience, then along with the development time and the more modern era, the way the messenger conveyed through advertising. The appearance of the message through an advertisement because in order to be more effective and efficient way of delivering the message.
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Self Theory By Carl Rogers
BACKGROUND
This in theory instigated by Carl Rogers, Rogers was a famous writer, Carl Rogers was born on January 08, 1902, in the park, Illinois, a Chicago suburb. The emergence of this theory based on his experience as a therapist who had for years and examine the development of a person's personality based on its customers.
ESSENCE
Self theory of bases on the assumption that "human beings are a perfect contrast to other creatures, where humans can accept all the experiences that exist at the time given, whether conscious or unconscious." (Rogers, 1959). Every human being living in the world of personal experience in which he (the I, me, or myself the I, me, or my self) into the center. (Carl Rogers) Humans also evolved to find his true identity. (Hall & Lindzey, 1985; Rogers, 1959).
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This in theory instigated by Carl Rogers, Rogers was a famous writer, Carl Rogers was born on January 08, 1902, in the park, Illinois, a Chicago suburb. The emergence of this theory based on his experience as a therapist who had for years and examine the development of a person's personality based on its customers.
ESSENCE
Self theory of bases on the assumption that "human beings are a perfect contrast to other creatures, where humans can accept all the experiences that exist at the time given, whether conscious or unconscious." (Rogers, 1959). Every human being living in the world of personal experience in which he (the I, me, or myself the I, me, or my self) into the center. (Carl Rogers) Humans also evolved to find his true identity. (Hall & Lindzey, 1985; Rogers, 1959).
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The theory of social constructivism By Lev Vygotsky
BACKGROUND
Lev Vygotsky, is a Russian psychologist and philosopher, Lev Vygotsky died at age 38 in 1934, associated with social constructivism in the context of education. According to Vygotsky and educational psychologists who follow his teachings, lessons should take place in the context of that to be applied. Social Constructivism emphasizes a culture of students and the importance of cultural values in a larger societal context. As a consequence, students are supported to work characterize and understand the real-life challenges to receive awards associations and conclusions they make.
ESSENCE
The last word from the above discussion is "Building (constructivism)", learning theory and its origin, how people learn, and knowledge of natural sciences. We need not give in to the new fashion, but we do not need to think about our work in relation to theories of learning and knowledge. So we simply ask: what was the building, what can we take from these terms, and how do we use it in our work? as far as I know, there is not anything complicated in the building, the core of the idea is clearly illustrated by John dewey, but there is something new, a permit extension of the old ideas and new research in philosophy of psychology to sustain it.
Lev Vygotsky, is a Russian psychologist and philosopher, Lev Vygotsky died at age 38 in 1934, associated with social constructivism in the context of education. According to Vygotsky and educational psychologists who follow his teachings, lessons should take place in the context of that to be applied. Social Constructivism emphasizes a culture of students and the importance of cultural values in a larger societal context. As a consequence, students are supported to work characterize and understand the real-life challenges to receive awards associations and conclusions they make.
ESSENCE
The last word from the above discussion is "Building (constructivism)", learning theory and its origin, how people learn, and knowledge of natural sciences. We need not give in to the new fashion, but we do not need to think about our work in relation to theories of learning and knowledge. So we simply ask: what was the building, what can we take from these terms, and how do we use it in our work? as far as I know, there is not anything complicated in the building, the core of the idea is clearly illustrated by John dewey, but there is something new, a permit extension of the old ideas and new research in philosophy of psychology to sustain it.
Friday, June 13, 2014
Two-Step Flow Communication Theory By Paul Lazarsfeld
BACKGROUND
Paul Lazarsfeld born in Viena Austria, 13 February 1901. Lazarsfeld got Ph. D in mathematics in 1925. In 1929 he founded a research institute in Vienna to apply social psychology. Lazarsfeld came to the United States in 1933 and acted as a director in the Office Radio Research at Princeton University. Then Lazarsfeld died in New York in 1976. He is also a professor at Columbia University.
In his research on the two-step flow Lazarsfeld helped by many colleagues who named Elihu Katz. Katz, who was born May 31, 1926, he also obtain a Ph.D.
ESSENCE THEORY
This theory has the fundamental assumption that the effects of mass media on society not directly but through an intermediary that opinion leaders (opinion leaders).
This theory states that the information coming from ....
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Paul Lazarsfeld born in Viena Austria, 13 February 1901. Lazarsfeld got Ph. D in mathematics in 1925. In 1929 he founded a research institute in Vienna to apply social psychology. Lazarsfeld came to the United States in 1933 and acted as a director in the Office Radio Research at Princeton University. Then Lazarsfeld died in New York in 1976. He is also a professor at Columbia University.
In his research on the two-step flow Lazarsfeld helped by many colleagues who named Elihu Katz. Katz, who was born May 31, 1926, he also obtain a Ph.D.
ESSENCE THEORY
This theory has the fundamental assumption that the effects of mass media on society not directly but through an intermediary that opinion leaders (opinion leaders).
This theory states that the information coming from ....
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Dialectical Theory By Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery
BACKGROUND THEORY
Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery are two important figures in the development of this dialectical theory. Both are important figures in the development of scientific research on communication, which is very interested in science communication in depth on the closeness of the relationship group. Baxter heads a research program at the University of Iowa, while Montgomery was a dean of the school of communication at Kmeanusiaan and Social Sciences at the University Millersvilles.
Before the theory of Baxter's known by some of his colleagues made in newspaper articles, papers and published a book that eventually became the foundation support or against this theory. Baxter's own understanding of the dialectical berasala of Mikhail Bakhtin, a Russian philosopher.
ESSENCE THEORY
The most fundamental assumption of this theory is that all relationships (friendships, romantic relationships and family relationships) tied / linked in contradictions (contradictions) double. Or in other words, that human relationships with each other have the impulse (passion / desire) the opposite. The main concept of this theory is .....
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Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery are two important figures in the development of this dialectical theory. Both are important figures in the development of scientific research on communication, which is very interested in science communication in depth on the closeness of the relationship group. Baxter heads a research program at the University of Iowa, while Montgomery was a dean of the school of communication at Kmeanusiaan and Social Sciences at the University Millersvilles.
Before the theory of Baxter's known by some of his colleagues made in newspaper articles, papers and published a book that eventually became the foundation support or against this theory. Baxter's own understanding of the dialectical berasala of Mikhail Bakhtin, a Russian philosopher.
ESSENCE THEORY
The most fundamental assumption of this theory is that all relationships (friendships, romantic relationships and family relationships) tied / linked in contradictions (contradictions) double. Or in other words, that human relationships with each other have the impulse (passion / desire) the opposite. The main concept of this theory is .....
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Inoculation Theory by William McGuire (1968)
Background Theory
This theory began when there was a phenomenon of the cases brainwashing of American soldiers in the Korean War, these events shake their beliefs about what they believe and implanted in the heart, the questioners were professionals from the Korean side has changed the way these soldiers into what they want, and this has major implications for the Americans who have finally decided to examine this issue. And William McGuire is one that discussed this theory in 1968.
Assumptions and Essence Theory
The assumption of this theory is about how people can maintain a belief in something that was followed by the things that annoy / attack weakens the belief that by way of incoming attacks and instead make it as "antibody" beliefs.
The essence of this theory is .....
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This theory began when there was a phenomenon of the cases brainwashing of American soldiers in the Korean War, these events shake their beliefs about what they believe and implanted in the heart, the questioners were professionals from the Korean side has changed the way these soldiers into what they want, and this has major implications for the Americans who have finally decided to examine this issue. And William McGuire is one that discussed this theory in 1968.
Assumptions and Essence Theory
The assumption of this theory is about how people can maintain a belief in something that was followed by the things that annoy / attack weakens the belief that by way of incoming attacks and instead make it as "antibody" beliefs.
The essence of this theory is .....
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Thursday, June 12, 2014
The Theory of Independent Mindedness By Gorden and Infante ( Teori Kebebasan Berfikir)
BACKGROUND
That makes this theory into organizational communications initiated and developed by Gorden and Infante. The formation of this theory is based on the tendency of Americans people to have their own thoughts and opinions and passive in accepting the opinions and suggestions of others.
ASSUMPTION
Assumption of Independent Mindedness theory generates an impetus for an employee who has a tendency to express misunderstandings in the opinion. ...
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That makes this theory into organizational communications initiated and developed by Gorden and Infante. The formation of this theory is based on the tendency of Americans people to have their own thoughts and opinions and passive in accepting the opinions and suggestions of others.
ASSUMPTION
Assumption of Independent Mindedness theory generates an impetus for an employee who has a tendency to express misunderstandings in the opinion. ...
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Interpersonal Deception Theory By David Buller and Judee Burgoon (Teori Interpersonal Deceptions)
Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) can explain the influence of the detector active fraudsters who communicate with a variety of motives, be kind, where the communication behavior reciprocally influence each other to produce a movement sequence and the same goal, and communication is affected by situation where the lie began to be known.
Basically people are always trying to deceive others, therefore every human being must be dealing with the same thing. When we do something for others then we will experience the consequences sama.Ketika thing you face the fact that you just lied to someone, you can feel very hurt.
ASSUMPTION
Assumptions about Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) is ....
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Basically people are always trying to deceive others, therefore every human being must be dealing with the same thing. When we do something for others then we will experience the consequences sama.Ketika thing you face the fact that you just lied to someone, you can feel very hurt.
ASSUMPTION
Assumptions about Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) is ....
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The Interpersonal Competence Theory By Brian H. Spitzberg & William R. Cupach (Teori Kemampuan Interpersonal)
1. Theoretical background
Interpersonal communication has contributed heavily in the world of communication. The quality of human life is determined by how the human touch, while the growing issues in the world of communication as well as aspects of the communication itself is very complex. How an interpersonal relationship can be arranged based on the particular circumstances in order to produce a desired relationship, needs special attention, so that creates this theory, the Theory of Interpersonal Competence.
2. Assumption Principal & Essence Theory
The key assumptions :
When people communicate with each other they create and show their own identity. The existence of identity is what makes us able to understand anything that can or can not we show in front of others because there are differences between individuals such as cultural background, education, social environment, way of life, age, economic status, etc. .
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Interpersonal communication has contributed heavily in the world of communication. The quality of human life is determined by how the human touch, while the growing issues in the world of communication as well as aspects of the communication itself is very complex. How an interpersonal relationship can be arranged based on the particular circumstances in order to produce a desired relationship, needs special attention, so that creates this theory, the Theory of Interpersonal Competence.
2. Assumption Principal & Essence Theory
The key assumptions :
When people communicate with each other they create and show their own identity. The existence of identity is what makes us able to understand anything that can or can not we show in front of others because there are differences between individuals such as cultural background, education, social environment, way of life, age, economic status, etc. .
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Monday, December 26, 2011
Komunikasi Interpersonal Dalam Perkantoran
Komunikasi merupakan bagian yang penting dalam kehidupan kerja suatu
organisasi. Hal ini dapat dipahami sebab komunikasi yang tidak baik mempunyai
dampak yang luas terhadap kehidupan organisasi, misalnya konflik antar pegawai,
dan sebaliknya komunikasi yang baik dapat meningkatkan saling pengertian, kerja
sama dan kepuasan kerja. Oleh karena itu hubungan komunikasi yang terbuka
harus diciptakan dalam organisasi. Pada dasarnya komunikasi di dalam organisasi, terbagi kepada tiga bentuk:
1.
Komunikasi
vertikal
Bentuk komunikasi ini merupakan
bentuk komunikasi yang terjadi dari atas ke bawah dan sebaliknya. Artinya
komunikasi yang disampaikan pimpinan kepada bawahan, dan dari bawahan kepada
pimpinan secara timbal balik.
Fungsi komunikasi ke bawah
digunakan pimpinan untuk:
·
Melaksanakan
kebijaksanaan, prosedur kerja, peraturan, instruksi, mengenai pelaksanaan kerja
bawahan.
·
Menyampaikan
pengarahan doktrinasi, evaluasi, teguran.
·
Memberikan
informasi mengenai tujuan organisasi, kebijaksanaan-kebijaksaan organisasi,
insentif.
Seorang pimpinan harus lebih
memperhatikan komunikasi dengan bawahannya, dan memahami cara-cara mengambil
kebijaksanaan, terhadap bawahannya.
Keberhasilan organisasi dilandasi
oleh perencanaan yang tepat, dan seorang pimpinan organisasi yang memiliki jiwa
kepemimpinan. Kedua hal terseut merupakan modal utama untuk kemajuan organisasi
yang dipimpinnya.
Fungsi komunikasi ke atas digunakan untuk:
a) Memberikan pengertian mengenai laporan
prestasi kerja, saran, usulan, opini, permohonan bantuan, dan keluhan.
b) Memperoleh informasi dari bawahan mengenai
kegiatan dan pelaksanaan pekerjaan bawahan dari tingkat yang lebih rendah.
Bawahan tentulah berharap agar
ide, saran, pendapat, tanggapan maupun kritikannya dapat diterima dengan lapang
dada, dan hati terbuka oleh pimpinan.
2. Komunikasi
horizontal
Bentuk komunikasi secara
mendatar, diantara sesama pegawai dsbnya. Komunikasi horizontal sering kali
berlangsung tidak formal. Fungsi komunikasi horizontal/ke samping digunakan
oleh dua pihak yang mempunyai level yang sama. Komunikasi ini berlangsung
dengan cara tatap muka, melalui media elektronik seperti telepon, atau melalui
pesan tertulis.
3. Komunikasi
diagonal
Bentuk komunikasi ini sering
disebut juga komunikasi silang. Berlangsung dari seseorang kepada orang lain
dalam posisi yang berbeda. Dalam arti pihak yang satu tidak berada pada jalur
struktur yang lain.
Fungsi komunikasi diagonal
digunakan oleh dua pihak yang mempunyai level berbeda tetapi tidak mempunyai
wewenang langsung kepada pihak lain. Melalui jalur hierarkhi/tingkatan seorang
pimpinan harus lebih memperhatikan komunikasi dengan bawahannya secara baik,
sehingga dapat membangkitkan minat dan gairah kerja disertai komunikasi yang
baik untuk mencapai tujuan yang diharapkan.
Dalam penerapannya komunikasi
dapat dilakukan secara formal dan informal. Umumnya komunikasi formal ada dalam
setiap organisasi dan dapat terjadi antar personal dalam organisasi melalui
jalur hirarkhi dengan prinsip pembagian tugas untuk mencapai tujuan yang
diharapkan. Komunikasi formal merupakan suatu sistem dimana para anggotanya
bekerjasama secara tepat untuk mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan. Komunikasi
formal pada dasarnya berhubungan dengan masalah kedinasan.
Komunikasi informal adalah
kebalikan dari komunikasi formal biasanya terjadi dengan spontan sebagai akibat
dari adanya persamaan perasaan, kebutuhan, persamaan tugas dan tanggung jawab.
Komunikasi informal pada pelaksanaannya tidak terikat oleh waktu, ruang dan
tempat, kadang-kadang komunikasi informal lebih berhasil, dan peranannya tidak
kalah penting, karena dapat disampaikan setiap saat, asalkan bermanfaat untuk
kemajuan organisasi. Namun penyampaiannya kurang sistematis, karena pertumbuhan
dan penyebarannya tidak teratur. Kadang-kadang seorang pimpinan selalu
beranggapan bahwa keberadaan organisasi informal merupakan suatu hal yang
janggal, yang merupakan akibat gagalnya komunikasi formal yang memunculkan
ketidak stabilan organisasi formal.
Bentuk komunikasi informal dapat
berupa pertemuan yang tidak direncanakan, seperti: bertemu dan ngobrol di
kantin pada jam makan siang, di resepsi, atau pertemuan lainnya. Komunikasi
informal ini mempunyai hal-hal yang positif, seperti:
·
Bila
jalan yang ditempuh melalui komunikasi formal melewati hambatan, dengan
terpaksa digunakan komunikasi informal.
·
Dalam
suasana konflik dan penuh ketegangan.
·
Sebagai
sarana komunikasi.
Dari kedua bentuk komunikasi
tersebut di atas, setiap pimpinan harus dapat menempatkan diri agar tidak
timbul perasaan suka atau tidak tidak suka. Pimpinan harus mencari dan
melaksanakan nilai-nilai positif dari hubungan-hubungan tersebut. Ukuran sukses
tidaknya seorang pimpinan terletak pada bagaimana pimpinan memadukan nilai
positif yang dihasilkan dari komunikasi formal dan informal.
Agar komunikasi antarpribadi yang
dilakukan menghasilkan hubungan antarpribadi yang efektif dan kerja sama bisa
ditingkatkan, kita perlu bersikap terbuka dan menggantikan sikap dogmatis. Kita
perlu juga memiliki sikap percaya, sikap mendukung, dan terbuka yang mendorong
timbulnya sikap saling memahami, menghargai dan saling mengembangkan kualitas.
Hubungan antarpribadi perlu ditumbuhkan dan ditingkatkan dengan memperbaiki
hubungan dan kerjasama antara berbagai pihak, tidak terkecuali dalam lembaga
pendidikan
Komunikasi Intrapersonal Pada Perspektif Psikologi Komunikasi
Komunikasi
pribadi / intrapersonal adalah komunikasi seputar diri seseorang, baik dalam
fungsinya sebagai komunikator maupun sebagai komunikan (Effendy, 2003:57).
Dalam hal ini dia akan berbicara pada dirinya sendiri, dan berdialog dengan
dirinya sendiri. Seorang blogger seringkali berkomunikasi dengan dirinya
sendiri direalisasikan dengan tulisan yang ditujukan kepada dirinya sendiri.
Menurut Ronald L. Applbaum
mendefinisikan komunikasi intrapersonal sebagai:
”Communication that takes place within us;
it includes the act of talking to ourselves and the act of observing and
attaching meaning (intellectual and emotional) to our environment”.
(Komunikasi yang berlangsung di dalam diri kita; ia meliputi kegiatan berbicara
kepada diri kita sendiri dan kegiatan-kegiatan mengamati dan memberikan makna
(intelektual dan emosional) kepada lingkungan kita) (Effendy,2003:58).
Seperti yang dikatakan Jalaludin
Rakhmat dalam bukunya Psikologi Komunikasi, Komunikasi intrapersonal merupakan
suatu proses bagaimana orang menerima informasi, mengolahnya, menyimpannya, dan
menghasilkannya kembali (Rakhmat, 2003:49).
Adapun
proses-proses yang menyertai terjadinya komunikasi intrapersonal adalah sebagai
berikut :
Proses penenerimaan informasi
·
Sensasi menurut Benyamin B. Wolman,
merupakan pengalaman elementer yang segera, yang tidak memerlukan penguraian
verbal, simbolis, atau konseptual, dan terutama sekali berhubungan dengan
kegiatan alat indera (Rakhmat, 2003:49). Tahapan paling mendasar dari proses
menerima informasi, yang sangat mengandalkan alat kemampuan alat indera.
·
Persepsi adalah pengalaman tentang
objek, peristiwa, atau hubungan-hubungan yang diperoleh dengan menyimpulkan
(Rakhmat, 2003:51). Bagaimana kita memaknai masukan-masukan yang masuk dalam
diri kita melalui sensasi, menurut apa yang kita ketahuidan kita inginkan.
·
Perhatian menurut keneth E. Andersen,
adalah proses mental ketika stimuli atau rangkaian stimuli menjadi menonjol
dalam kesadaran pada saat stimuli lainnya melemah (Rakhmat, 2003:52). Perhatian
dalam diri kita akan terjadi jika kita dapat mengkonsentrasikan diri pada salah
satu indera kita yang digunakan, dan mengesampingkan masukan-masukan melalui
alat indera lain.
Faktor Eksternal Penarik Perhatian:
a.
Gerakan, manusia secara visual tertarik
pada objek-objek yang bergerak.
b.
Intensitas Stimuli, kita akan
memperhatikan stimuli yang paling menonjol menurut alat indera yang kita
gunakan.
c.
Kebaruan, hal-hal yang baru, luar biasa,
dan berbeda akan menarik perhatian.
d.
Perulangan, hal-hal yang disajikan
berkali-kali, bila disertai dengan sedikit variasi, akan menarik perhatian.
Faktor
Internal Penarik Perhatian:
a.
Faktor-faktor biologis,
b.
Faktor-faktor Sosiopsikologis,
c.
Motif sosiogenesis, sikap, kebiasaan dan
kemauan, mempengaruhi yang kita perhatikan.
G. Wiseman dan L. Barker
menjelaskan, proses kegiatan yang terjadi dalam diri seseorang digerakkan oleh
perangsang internal dan eksternal. Perangsang internal menunjukkan situasi
psikologis dan fisiologis, sedangkan perangsang eksternal datang dari
lingkungan sekitar (Effendy, 2003:58). Dalam aplikasinya, kode etik yang
merupakan rangsangan eksternal masuk ke dalam pikiran wartawan dalam bentuk
lambang-lambang, dan kemudian diubah kembali menjadi lambang-lambang yang dapat
dimengerti pikiran wartawan Selanjutnya terdapat tahap yang mengikuti, seperti
tahap ideasi (pemikiran), disini lambang-lambang yang masuk tadi dihubungkan
dengan pengalaman-pengalaman terdahulu. Kemudian masuk pada tahap inkubasi,
dimana rumusan pesan hasil dari tahap ideasi diubah menjadi kata atau kial yang
bermakna. Dan pada tahap transmisi yang terakhir, lambang-lambang kata dan kial
yang telah di inkubasi dipancarkan secara fisik dalam bentuk ucapan, tulisan,
perilaku, dan sikap.
Pengertian Komunikasi Intrapersonal
Komunikasi intrapersonal adalah komunikasi yang terjadi di dalam diri
individu atau dengan kata lain seorang individu yang sedang berkomunikasi
dengan dirinya sendiri (Wilmot & Wenburg, 1974 : 11). Komunikasi
intrapersonal berfokus pada karakteristik pengolahan informasi (termasuk
penggunaan bahasa) dari individu peserta dalam peristiwa komunikasi (Hanneman,
1975 : 33) ” apabila seseorang memberikan arti kepada pesan terpisah dari
kehadiran seorang lain (Mortensen, 1972 : 19). Pengolahan informasi (yakni data
atau fakta atau stimuli) bersifat internal bagi individu. Dan pentingnya makna
pesan (atau stimuli apapun, dalam hal ini) juga bersifat internal, yakni
diberikan oleh individu yang menggunakan filter atau perangkat konseptualnya.
Dalam perspektif psikologis tingkat intrapersonal komunikasi manusia
amat menentukan peristiwa komunikatif dan merupakan tingkat komunikasi yang
paling penting. Penyandian, pengalihan sandi stimuli, pesan, respons, semuanya
merupakan aktivitas komunikatif menurut perspektif psikologis yang terjadi
dalam diri individu. Perspektif semacam ini secara langsung membawa pada
keyakinan yang bahwa ”Pada akhirnya semua komunikasi dapat diberi nama
intrapersonal” (Wilmot & Wenberg, 1974 : 11).
Lalu sejauhmana proses komunikasi intrapersonal berarti bagi komunikasi
manusia? Dalam perspektif psikologis, proses ini sangat penting sekali.
Mortensen (1974) mengemukakan bahwa komunikator itu dapat ditinjau dari segi
orientasinya yaitu dengan melihat pada dirinya sendiri (self directed), melihat
pada orang lain (other directed), dan kooerientasi (yakni berorientasi yang sama
baik kepada diri sendiri maupun orang lain sehingga menjadi kesatuan yang
ketiga). Dalam mengulas orientasi yang mengarah pada diri sendiri, Mortensen
menyatakan komunikatornya unik, terintegrasi, konsisten dan aktif. Setiap
individu yang berkomunikasi secara aktif terlibat dalam banyak introspeksi diri
dalam proses menghubungkan dirinya dengan orang- orang lain dan dengan dunia
sekelilingnya.
Bersamaan dengan adanya penekanan pada tingkat intrapersonal komunikasi
dan pada apa yang sedang berlangsung di dalan diri orang yang bersangkuan
adalah konseptualisasi atas manusia sebagai pengolah informasi yang sangat
canggih. Bilamana lokus komunikasi manusia itu terdapat dalam diri individu,
tingkat intrapersonal komunikasi sebenarnya menjadi sangat kuasa. Hal penting
lainnya adalah filter konseptual, Yaitu bagaimana diperolehnya, bagaimana
mengolah data penginderaan, bagaimana diubahnya, bagaimana memengaruhi respon
perilaku, bagaimana memberikan makna, dan seterusnya.
Studi komunikasi manusia secara
sentral menjadi studi tentang proses intrapersonal yang meliputi: sikap,
kognisi, persepsi, dan semacamnya. Keunikan dan keaktifan individu menyebabkan
variabel perbedaan individual (misalnya kepribadian, latar belakang
sosiokultural, dan seterusnya) menjadi sangat vital dalam melaksanakan
penelitian fenomena komunikatif.
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