BACKGROUND THEORY
At first, the beginning, the theory raised by Fritz Heider was born. Heider research how the creation of personal relationships he describes in the book: The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, published in 1958. Heider In the book accompanying concept he calls "common-sense" or "naive" psychology. Heider believes that a person's actions berdasarkaan their beliefs. Heider convey the basic idea, that people try to find whether a motivation of an observed behavior is caused by situational characteristics or personal. So the concept of "causal attribution" - As time goes on Heider's theory evolved. This theory was developed by E.E. Jones and K.E.Davis (1965) and expanded and clarified by H.H.Kelley (1979).
PRINCIPLES THEORY
Attribution is one conclusion as to the cause of an event, the cause of other people's behavior, and the behavior it self. Attribution theory is concerned with the procedures in which people explain the behavior and motivations of others.
Continue read -->
Showing posts with label Article. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Article. Show all posts
Monday, June 23, 2014
Adaptive Structuration Theory By Marshall Scott Poole
BACKGROUND
Marshall Scott Poole is a professor of communication at Texas A & M University who developed the Theory of Adaptive Structuration. This theory is based on the Theory of Structuration (Structuration Theory) Anthony Giddens. This theory is defined as "the production and reproduction of social systems through the use of rules and resources of members in interaction". DeSanctis and Poole adapted Giddens theory to study the interaction of groups and organizations with information technology and called Adaptive Structuration Theory.
The concept of Giddens Structuration inspired the Theory of Adaptive Structuration by Poole, Poole called his theory of adaptive because group members deliberately adjust resources to meet the goals and rules. Poole believes that the value of the theory group of decision makers who make a foothold on the complexity of the interaction.
Continue read -->
Marshall Scott Poole is a professor of communication at Texas A & M University who developed the Theory of Adaptive Structuration. This theory is based on the Theory of Structuration (Structuration Theory) Anthony Giddens. This theory is defined as "the production and reproduction of social systems through the use of rules and resources of members in interaction". DeSanctis and Poole adapted Giddens theory to study the interaction of groups and organizations with information technology and called Adaptive Structuration Theory.
The concept of Giddens Structuration inspired the Theory of Adaptive Structuration by Poole, Poole called his theory of adaptive because group members deliberately adjust resources to meet the goals and rules. Poole believes that the value of the theory group of decision makers who make a foothold on the complexity of the interaction.
Continue read -->
Social Influence Theory By Paul F. Lazarsfeld
BACKGROUND
Paul F. Lazarsfeld was born in Viena, Austria, February 13, 1901., He was a son of Robert Lazarsfeld, a lawyer, and Sofie Munk, F. Lazarsfeld Psikologi.Paul this is a mathematics undergraduate at the University of Viena Lazarsfeld also a Graduate sociology of Comunicólogo sociological Austria is one of the most influential social experts in the era of mass. Because kerorisinalnya and unity of ideas, energy and personal attractiveness, productivity and social research he did, his influence in the field of sociology and social research has been the recognition in America and Europe. He has found a variety of theories, and one of them is the Theory of Social Influence.
The Social Influnce Theory originated from the need arises opinion leaders to convey the message to the audience, then along with the development time and the more modern era, the way the messenger conveyed through advertising. The appearance of the message through an advertisement because in order to be more effective and efficient way of delivering the message.
continue read -->
Paul F. Lazarsfeld was born in Viena, Austria, February 13, 1901., He was a son of Robert Lazarsfeld, a lawyer, and Sofie Munk, F. Lazarsfeld Psikologi.Paul this is a mathematics undergraduate at the University of Viena Lazarsfeld also a Graduate sociology of Comunicólogo sociological Austria is one of the most influential social experts in the era of mass. Because kerorisinalnya and unity of ideas, energy and personal attractiveness, productivity and social research he did, his influence in the field of sociology and social research has been the recognition in America and Europe. He has found a variety of theories, and one of them is the Theory of Social Influence.
The Social Influnce Theory originated from the need arises opinion leaders to convey the message to the audience, then along with the development time and the more modern era, the way the messenger conveyed through advertising. The appearance of the message through an advertisement because in order to be more effective and efficient way of delivering the message.
continue read -->
Self Theory By Carl Rogers
BACKGROUND
This in theory instigated by Carl Rogers, Rogers was a famous writer, Carl Rogers was born on January 08, 1902, in the park, Illinois, a Chicago suburb. The emergence of this theory based on his experience as a therapist who had for years and examine the development of a person's personality based on its customers.
ESSENCE
Self theory of bases on the assumption that "human beings are a perfect contrast to other creatures, where humans can accept all the experiences that exist at the time given, whether conscious or unconscious." (Rogers, 1959). Every human being living in the world of personal experience in which he (the I, me, or myself the I, me, or my self) into the center. (Carl Rogers) Humans also evolved to find his true identity. (Hall & Lindzey, 1985; Rogers, 1959).
continue read -->
This in theory instigated by Carl Rogers, Rogers was a famous writer, Carl Rogers was born on January 08, 1902, in the park, Illinois, a Chicago suburb. The emergence of this theory based on his experience as a therapist who had for years and examine the development of a person's personality based on its customers.
ESSENCE
Self theory of bases on the assumption that "human beings are a perfect contrast to other creatures, where humans can accept all the experiences that exist at the time given, whether conscious or unconscious." (Rogers, 1959). Every human being living in the world of personal experience in which he (the I, me, or myself the I, me, or my self) into the center. (Carl Rogers) Humans also evolved to find his true identity. (Hall & Lindzey, 1985; Rogers, 1959).
continue read -->
The theory of social constructivism By Lev Vygotsky
BACKGROUND
Lev Vygotsky, is a Russian psychologist and philosopher, Lev Vygotsky died at age 38 in 1934, associated with social constructivism in the context of education. According to Vygotsky and educational psychologists who follow his teachings, lessons should take place in the context of that to be applied. Social Constructivism emphasizes a culture of students and the importance of cultural values in a larger societal context. As a consequence, students are supported to work characterize and understand the real-life challenges to receive awards associations and conclusions they make.
ESSENCE
The last word from the above discussion is "Building (constructivism)", learning theory and its origin, how people learn, and knowledge of natural sciences. We need not give in to the new fashion, but we do not need to think about our work in relation to theories of learning and knowledge. So we simply ask: what was the building, what can we take from these terms, and how do we use it in our work? as far as I know, there is not anything complicated in the building, the core of the idea is clearly illustrated by John dewey, but there is something new, a permit extension of the old ideas and new research in philosophy of psychology to sustain it.
Lev Vygotsky, is a Russian psychologist and philosopher, Lev Vygotsky died at age 38 in 1934, associated with social constructivism in the context of education. According to Vygotsky and educational psychologists who follow his teachings, lessons should take place in the context of that to be applied. Social Constructivism emphasizes a culture of students and the importance of cultural values in a larger societal context. As a consequence, students are supported to work characterize and understand the real-life challenges to receive awards associations and conclusions they make.
ESSENCE
The last word from the above discussion is "Building (constructivism)", learning theory and its origin, how people learn, and knowledge of natural sciences. We need not give in to the new fashion, but we do not need to think about our work in relation to theories of learning and knowledge. So we simply ask: what was the building, what can we take from these terms, and how do we use it in our work? as far as I know, there is not anything complicated in the building, the core of the idea is clearly illustrated by John dewey, but there is something new, a permit extension of the old ideas and new research in philosophy of psychology to sustain it.
Friday, June 13, 2014
Two-Step Flow Communication Theory By Paul Lazarsfeld
BACKGROUND
Paul Lazarsfeld born in Viena Austria, 13 February 1901. Lazarsfeld got Ph. D in mathematics in 1925. In 1929 he founded a research institute in Vienna to apply social psychology. Lazarsfeld came to the United States in 1933 and acted as a director in the Office Radio Research at Princeton University. Then Lazarsfeld died in New York in 1976. He is also a professor at Columbia University.
In his research on the two-step flow Lazarsfeld helped by many colleagues who named Elihu Katz. Katz, who was born May 31, 1926, he also obtain a Ph.D.
ESSENCE THEORY
This theory has the fundamental assumption that the effects of mass media on society not directly but through an intermediary that opinion leaders (opinion leaders).
This theory states that the information coming from ....
Read More >>>
Paul Lazarsfeld born in Viena Austria, 13 February 1901. Lazarsfeld got Ph. D in mathematics in 1925. In 1929 he founded a research institute in Vienna to apply social psychology. Lazarsfeld came to the United States in 1933 and acted as a director in the Office Radio Research at Princeton University. Then Lazarsfeld died in New York in 1976. He is also a professor at Columbia University.
In his research on the two-step flow Lazarsfeld helped by many colleagues who named Elihu Katz. Katz, who was born May 31, 1926, he also obtain a Ph.D.
ESSENCE THEORY
This theory has the fundamental assumption that the effects of mass media on society not directly but through an intermediary that opinion leaders (opinion leaders).
This theory states that the information coming from ....
Read More >>>
Dialectical Theory By Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery
BACKGROUND THEORY
Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery are two important figures in the development of this dialectical theory. Both are important figures in the development of scientific research on communication, which is very interested in science communication in depth on the closeness of the relationship group. Baxter heads a research program at the University of Iowa, while Montgomery was a dean of the school of communication at Kmeanusiaan and Social Sciences at the University Millersvilles.
Before the theory of Baxter's known by some of his colleagues made in newspaper articles, papers and published a book that eventually became the foundation support or against this theory. Baxter's own understanding of the dialectical berasala of Mikhail Bakhtin, a Russian philosopher.
ESSENCE THEORY
The most fundamental assumption of this theory is that all relationships (friendships, romantic relationships and family relationships) tied / linked in contradictions (contradictions) double. Or in other words, that human relationships with each other have the impulse (passion / desire) the opposite. The main concept of this theory is .....
continue read >>>
Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery are two important figures in the development of this dialectical theory. Both are important figures in the development of scientific research on communication, which is very interested in science communication in depth on the closeness of the relationship group. Baxter heads a research program at the University of Iowa, while Montgomery was a dean of the school of communication at Kmeanusiaan and Social Sciences at the University Millersvilles.
Before the theory of Baxter's known by some of his colleagues made in newspaper articles, papers and published a book that eventually became the foundation support or against this theory. Baxter's own understanding of the dialectical berasala of Mikhail Bakhtin, a Russian philosopher.
ESSENCE THEORY
The most fundamental assumption of this theory is that all relationships (friendships, romantic relationships and family relationships) tied / linked in contradictions (contradictions) double. Or in other words, that human relationships with each other have the impulse (passion / desire) the opposite. The main concept of this theory is .....
continue read >>>
Inoculation Theory by William McGuire (1968)
Background Theory
This theory began when there was a phenomenon of the cases brainwashing of American soldiers in the Korean War, these events shake their beliefs about what they believe and implanted in the heart, the questioners were professionals from the Korean side has changed the way these soldiers into what they want, and this has major implications for the Americans who have finally decided to examine this issue. And William McGuire is one that discussed this theory in 1968.
Assumptions and Essence Theory
The assumption of this theory is about how people can maintain a belief in something that was followed by the things that annoy / attack weakens the belief that by way of incoming attacks and instead make it as "antibody" beliefs.
The essence of this theory is .....
Read More >>>
This theory began when there was a phenomenon of the cases brainwashing of American soldiers in the Korean War, these events shake their beliefs about what they believe and implanted in the heart, the questioners were professionals from the Korean side has changed the way these soldiers into what they want, and this has major implications for the Americans who have finally decided to examine this issue. And William McGuire is one that discussed this theory in 1968.
Assumptions and Essence Theory
The assumption of this theory is about how people can maintain a belief in something that was followed by the things that annoy / attack weakens the belief that by way of incoming attacks and instead make it as "antibody" beliefs.
The essence of this theory is .....
Read More >>>
Thursday, June 12, 2014
Labeling Theory by Howard Becker (1963) ( Teori Pelabelan / Pemberian Label )
Background Theory:
Labeling was first recognized about 1930 by a man named Frank Tannenbaum. He noted how people often perceive the offense as a crime (Stebbins, 1996; 28).
Becker's theory evolved during a period of political and social power struggle that has been implicated. Becker utilize the liberal influence of labeling theory Lemert and adjust the theoretical background and the interaction of its symbols.
Essence Theory:
Labeling is the process of labeling someone. The label is a definition of when a person will be given to the identity of the person, and explain how people with her type....
Read More >>>
Labeling was first recognized about 1930 by a man named Frank Tannenbaum. He noted how people often perceive the offense as a crime (Stebbins, 1996; 28).
Becker's theory evolved during a period of political and social power struggle that has been implicated. Becker utilize the liberal influence of labeling theory Lemert and adjust the theoretical background and the interaction of its symbols.
Essence Theory:
Labeling is the process of labeling someone. The label is a definition of when a person will be given to the identity of the person, and explain how people with her type....
Read More >>>
Uses And Gratifications Theory By Elihu Katz (1959) (Teori Penggunaan dan Gratifikasi)
BACKGROUND
Uses and gratifications theory was first stated by Elihu Katz (1959) as a reaction to Bernand Berelson stating that research on the effects of mass media communication is considered to be dead. who began the study of life is an attempt to answer the question "what do people do with the media?" because the use of the media is one way to meet the needs, then the effect of the media is now defined as a situation when need satisfaction is achieved.
ESSENCE THEORY
Uses and gratifications theory is not interested in what the media does to themselves but are interested in what people do to the media.....
Read More >>>
Uses and gratifications theory was first stated by Elihu Katz (1959) as a reaction to Bernand Berelson stating that research on the effects of mass media communication is considered to be dead. who began the study of life is an attempt to answer the question "what do people do with the media?" because the use of the media is one way to meet the needs, then the effect of the media is now defined as a situation when need satisfaction is achieved.
ESSENCE THEORY
Uses and gratifications theory is not interested in what the media does to themselves but are interested in what people do to the media.....
Read More >>>
The Theory of Independent Mindedness By Gorden and Infante ( Teori Kebebasan Berfikir)
BACKGROUND
That makes this theory into organizational communications initiated and developed by Gorden and Infante. The formation of this theory is based on the tendency of Americans people to have their own thoughts and opinions and passive in accepting the opinions and suggestions of others.
ASSUMPTION
Assumption of Independent Mindedness theory generates an impetus for an employee who has a tendency to express misunderstandings in the opinion. ...
Read More >>>
That makes this theory into organizational communications initiated and developed by Gorden and Infante. The formation of this theory is based on the tendency of Americans people to have their own thoughts and opinions and passive in accepting the opinions and suggestions of others.
ASSUMPTION
Assumption of Independent Mindedness theory generates an impetus for an employee who has a tendency to express misunderstandings in the opinion. ...
Read More >>>
Interpersonal Deception Theory By David Buller and Judee Burgoon (Teori Interpersonal Deceptions)
Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) can explain the influence of the detector active fraudsters who communicate with a variety of motives, be kind, where the communication behavior reciprocally influence each other to produce a movement sequence and the same goal, and communication is affected by situation where the lie began to be known.
Basically people are always trying to deceive others, therefore every human being must be dealing with the same thing. When we do something for others then we will experience the consequences sama.Ketika thing you face the fact that you just lied to someone, you can feel very hurt.
ASSUMPTION
Assumptions about Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) is ....
Read More >>>
Basically people are always trying to deceive others, therefore every human being must be dealing with the same thing. When we do something for others then we will experience the consequences sama.Ketika thing you face the fact that you just lied to someone, you can feel very hurt.
ASSUMPTION
Assumptions about Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) is ....
Read More >>>
Sunday, November 4, 2012
Great News for Smokers!
Hello,
I thought you'd be interested in a revolutionary new way to smoke - Green Smoke® electronic cigarettes. The Green Smoke® e-cigarette looks, tastes and feels just like a traditional cigarette, but it leaves over none of the offensive odor, ash or cigarette butts.
Green Smoke® e-cigarettes are powered by rechargeable batteries, instead of cigarette lighters. Because they let out a fresh scent instead of a smoky odor, you can often smoke them in non-smoking zones such as restaurants, business offices and bars. So not only will your breath and clothes not smell from cigarette smoke, but your friends won't complain about your smoking habit either.
This elegant e-cigarette has a patent-pending 2 part design that is effortless to assemble and easy to maintain. Not only that, but Green Smoke® e-cigarettes emit an incredibly high smoke volume, so they give you the same feeling as traditional cigarettes. And another great benefit - Green Smoke® e-cigarettes cost less than traditional cigarettes in the long-run.
I'd really recommend that you give Green Smoke® e-cigarettes a try. They offer a 30-day money back guarantee, so you really risk nothing by checking out their product for yourself.
Visit http://www.greensmoke.com/indo_investo to explore the Green Smoke® website. Their site has lots of videos and testimonials, as well as all the info you need to learn about their products.
If you have any questions about Green Smoke® electronic cigarettes, please be in touch with me. I'd love to help you get started with this superior products.
Friday, June 15, 2012
Gratis $8 untuk Trading Online
Nord FX adalah sebuah broker internasional rumahan yang menyediakan kepada individu dan perusahaan sebuah layanan perdagangan lengkap yang kompleks di pasar valuta asing internasional dan kesempatan membuat kontrak untuk spread saham, harga logam mulia dan komoditi dan energi berjangka.
Nord FX diberi wewenang oleh Komisi Jasa Keuangan Mauritius (FSC) untuk mengelola, di bawah mandat, portofolio surat berharga dan memberikan nasihat atas transaksi sekuritas. Nord FX juga disahkan oleh Departemen Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Panama untuk melakukan kegiatan perdagangan mata uang asing dan broker, manajemen aset, penasehat keuangan dan aktivitas lain yang berhubungan.
Nord FX selalu mengikuti perkembangan teknologi modern, secara teratur memperluas jangkauan perdagangan mata uang dan instrumen keuangan dan menggunakan perangkat lunak up-to-date. Saat ini kami menawarkan program yang paling populer untuk perdagangan internet pada pilihan – Perdagangan Integral NFX, MetaTrader 5, MetaTrader 4 dan MetaTrader Mobile untuk membantu klien kami mengakses rekening pribadi mereka dan kutipan dari mana saja di seluruh dunia. Seiring dengan kemajuan teknologi informasi dan kualitatif perangkat lunak, kami memberikan klien kami dengan layanan broker tingkat tinggi.
Monday, June 11, 2012
Proyek Just Been Paid (JBP / JSS-Tripler)
NEW INFO DUNIA ONLINE...
=================
Setelah diadakan penelitian selama berbulan-bulan akhirnya dapat diketahui apa sebenarnya skenario mega proyek Justbeenpaid yg dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut:
My 2nd WithDrawal
=================
Setelah diadakan penelitian selama berbulan-bulan akhirnya dapat diketahui apa sebenarnya skenario mega proyek Justbeenpaid yg dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut:
- JSS-Tripler sebenarnya hanyalah awal/pondasi dari skenario mega proyek Justbeenpaid. Katakanlah Justbeenpaid ini adalah sebuah Ruko (rumah toko) Sebenarnya JSS-Tripler hanyalah sebagai fondasi dari tokonya.
- JSS-Tripler digunakan untuk menaikkan rating Alexa. Jika rating alexa naik otomatis reputasi & nilai jual justbeenpaid akan semakin baik.
- Lalu apa sebenarnya Jualan atau produk dari justbeenpaid? Pernah lihat menu "Traffic Exchange" di member area JSS-Tripler? Yup sebenarnya yang kita beli selama ini adalah Advertising Credit. Advertising credit dapat digunakan untuk memasang banner/iklan pada situs Justbeenpaid. Mengapa belum diaktifkan? kapan diaktifkan? Sebenarnya menu ini sudah ada sejak setahun yang lalu.alasan kenapa fitur ini belum diaktifkan adalah, Justbeenpaid ingin meroketkan Alexa rank terlebih dahulu sebelum mengaktifkan fitur ini. Dengan rank alexa Justbeenpaid telah mencapai 392 saat ini. Tentunya akan semakin banyak investor besar kelas dunia yang tertarik mengiklankan produknya lewat Justbeenpaid. Dan tentunya adalah sumber pemasukan terbesar dari Justbeenpaid. Fitur ini diaktifkan segera setelah Restart mungkin dalam beberapa minggu ini.
- Apa sebenarnya visi dan misi Justbeenpaid sebenarnya? Misi utama dari Justbeenpaid sebenarnya adalah menjadi No 1 situs paling sukses di internet. "menggantikan Google". Dimana untuk menggantikan google butuh banyak sumberdaya. Mega proyek Justbeenpaid saat ini telah dilakukan. Dengan langkah awal adalah membangun "monster" monster itu sendiri adalah sebuah server setara server milik Facebook.
- Selain itu mega proyek Justbeenpaid terbaru adalah "JBP Living" Program baru dari justbeenpaid yang sistemnya berbeda dari JSS-Tripler. Bukan dimaksudkan untuk menggantikan JSS-Tripler, tapi mungkin lebih kepada mendampingi JSS-Tripler. Detail dari program ini masih sangat rahasia. Dan di launching beberapa bulan kedepan. Pimpinan proyek ini adalah PK Clarke : Executive Director for Development of JBP Living Kemungkinan program ini akan diarahkan kepada investasi sektor rill seperti Real Estate - the Hospitality Industry - Retail.
- Jadi sudah tahu kan, sebenarnya arah Justbeenpaid itu akan kemana? Sudah siap kan menjadi bagian terbesar dan Paling penting dari sebuah bisnis online paling fenomenal abad ini. Dengan fakta yg saya kumpulkan diatas saya pribadi sangat yakin bahwa JSS-Tripler akan untuk selamanya.
My 2nd WithDrawal
Join sekarang : Click Here
Wednesday, December 21, 2011
Cara Cepat Menaikan Pagerank plus Dapat Ribuan Backlink
Assalamualaikum Wr.Wb
Nah, pada posting kali ini saya akan Berbagi Tips bagaimana sih menaikkan Pagerank blog kita,,
Artikel ini sangatlah bermanfaat buat teman-temane blogger yang ingin menaikkan Ranking Pageranknya agar lebih tinggi lagi dari sebelumnya,,
dan juga buat teman-teman blogger yang pageranknya masih 0..
Trik ini saya dapatkan Ketika saya blogwalking ke situs blog teman,,
sebelumnya saya tidak percaya trik ini akan berhasil,,
tapi ketika say coba ke blog saya yang lain,, ternyata memang trik ini bener-bener ampuh..
Pagerank Blog menjadi naik, dan Blog ini pun ikut naik pagerank gara-gara trik ini juga,,
Jika Menurut saya, Trik ini wajib hukumnya bagi semua blogger..
karena dengan trik ini juga kita bisa mendapat Ribuan Backlink Natural, dan dampaknya sangat dahsyat buat visitor blog..
visitor blog yng tadinya sepi bisa membludak karena efek backlink dari trik ini,..
lalu bagaimanakah triknya??
Triknya cukup simple lho teman-teman,,
teman-teman hanya tinggal copy paste link yang berada di bawah ini (link 1 s.d 10),,
dengan syarat teman-teman harus menghapus link pada peringkat 1 dari daftar,,
Kemudian pindahkan yang tadinya nomor 2 menjadi nomor 1, nomor 3 menjadi nomor 2, nomor 4 menjadi nomor 3, dst. Kemudian masukan link blog teman-teman sendiri pada urutan paling bawah ( nomor 10).
Setelah selesai, segara posting di Blog teman-teman Dan yang penting juga silahkan ajak teman-teman blogger yang lain untuk mengikuti cara ini serta sebarkan cara ini ke semua teman yang punya blog, baik blog versi Blogspot, Wordpress, mywapblog Dll.
1. alfacroon
2. Trik-Gue
3. Pabrik Info
6. Belajar All
Keterangan:
Jika teman-teman mampu mengajak lima orang saja untuk mengcopy artikel di posting blog teman-teman,, maka jumlah backlink yang akan didapat adalah sebagai berikut:
• Posisi 10, jumlah backlink = 1
• Posisi 9, jumlah backlink = 5
• Posisi 8, jumlah backlink = 25
• Posisi 7, jumlah backlink = 125
• Posisi 6, jumlah backlink = 625
• Posisi 5, jumlah backlink = 3,125
• Posisi 4, jumlah backlink =15,625
• Posisi 3, jumlah backlink = 78,125
• Posisi 2, jumlah backlink = 390,625
• Posisi 1, jumlah backlink = 1,953,125
Dan nama dari alamat blog dapat dimasukan kata kunci yang teman-teman inginkan,
yang juga bisa menarik perhatian untuk segera diklik.
Dari sisi SEO teman-teman sudah mendapatkan 1,953,125 backlink gratis! dan efek sampingnya adalah meningkatnya Trafik blog kita serta Meningkatnya Pagerank Blog kita!
jika pengunjung downline mengklik link teman-teman maka teman-teman juga mendapat traffik tambahan..
Penting
Saya sangat menyarankan agar teman-teman mencoba cara ini dan silakan copy paste tulisan ini dan kemudian posting di blog teman-teman dan kemudian sebarkan Cara Menaikkan Pagerank ini ke teman-teman logger lainnya.. Ingat! Hilangkan link nomor 1 dan masukan alamat blog teman-teman pada nomor 10...
Okeh teman-teman,, demikian trik dari saya tentang cara menaikkan pagerank Blog kita,,
Jika teman-teman tidak melakukan trik ini,, maka saya jamin teman-teman akan sangat Rugi!
karena trik ini sudah terbukti berhasil di blog-blog yang menggunakan trik ini,,
lalu tunggu apa lagi?? kita semua pasti menginginkan Pagerank Blog kita naik kan?
oleh karena itu,, jangan ragu-ragu,...!
ayo repost Trik ini dan dapatkan Ribuan backlink dan Meingkatnnya Ranking Pagerank,,. :)
Ayo ke TKP sekarang!
Wassalamualaikum Wr.Wb
Wednesday, June 11, 2008
Markov
Markov Random Fields and Images
by
Patrick P_erez
At the intersection of statistical physics and probability theory, Markov random_elds and Gibbs distributions have emerged in the early eighties as powerful tools for modeling images and coping with high-dimensional inverse problems from low-level vision. Since then, they have been used in many studies from the image processing and computer vision community. A brief and simple introduction to the basics of the domain is proposed.
1. Introduction and general framework
With a seminal paper by Geman and Geman in 1984 [18], powerful tools known for long by physicists [2] and statisticians [3] were brought in a com-prehensive and stimulating way to the knowledge of the image processing and computer vision community. Since then, their theoretical richness, their prac-tical versatility, and a number of fruitful connections with other domains, have resulted in a profusion of studies. These studies deal either with the mod-eling of images (for synthesis, recognition or compression purposes) or with the resolution of various high-dimensional inverse problems from early vision (e.g., restoration, deblurring, classi_cation, segmentation, data fusion, surface reconstruction, optical ow estimation, stereo matching, etc. See collections of examples in [11, 30, 40]).
The implicit assumption behind probabilistic approaches to image analysis is that, for a given problem, there exists a probability distribution that can capture to some extent the variability and the interactions of the di_erent sets of relevant image attributes. Consequently, one considers the variables of the problem as random variables forming a set (or random vector) X = (Xi)ni=1 with joint probability distribution PX 1.
1 PX is actually a probability mass in the case of discrete variables, and a probability density
function when the Xi's are continuously valued. In the latter case, all summations over
states or con_gurations should be replaced by integrals.
Tuesday, June 10, 2008
Logic Of Triplet Markov Fields
Unsupervised image segmentation using triplet Markov fields
by
Dalila Benboudjema, Wojciech Pieczynski
Abstract
Hidden Markov fields (HMF) models are widely applied to various problems arising in
image processing. In these models, the hidden process of interest X is a Markov field and must be estimated from its observable noisy version Y. The success of HMF is mainly due to the fact that the conditional probability distribution of the hidden process with respect to the observed one remains Markovian, which facilitates different processing strategies such as Bayesian restoration. HMF have been recently generalized to ‘‘pairwise’’ Markov fields (PMF), which offer similar processing advantages and superior modeling capabilities. In PMF one directly assumes the Markovianity of the pair (X,Y). Afterwards, ‘‘triplet’’ Markov fields (TMF), in which the distribution of the pair (X,Y) is the marginal distribution of a Markov field (X,U,Y), where U is an auxiliary process, have been proposed and still allow restoration processing. The aim of this paper is to propose a new parameter estimation method adapted to TMF, and to study the corresponding unsupervised image segmentation methods. The latter are validated via experiments and real image processing.
@ 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Hidden Markov fields; Pairwise Markov fields; Triplet Markov fields; Bayesian classification; Mixture estimation; Iterative conditional estimation; Stochastic gradient; Unsupervised image segmentation
1. Introduction
Hidden Markov fields (HMF) are widely used in solving various problems, comprising two stochastic processes X = (Xs)s2S and Y = (Ys)s2S, in which X = x is unobservable and must be estimated from the observed Y = y. This wide use is due to the fact that standard Bayesian restoration methods can be used in spite of the large size of S: see [3,12,19] for seminal papers and [14,33], among others, for general books. The qualifier ‘‘hidden Markov’’ means that the hidden process X has a Markov law. When the distributions p (y|x) of Y conditional on X = x are simple enough, the pair (X,Y) then retains the Markovian structure, and likewise for the distribution p(x|y) of X conditional on Y = y. The Markovianity of p(x|y) is crucial because it allows one to estimate the unobservable X = x from the observed Y = y, even in the case of very rich sets S. However, the simplicity of p (y|x) required in standard HMF to ensure the Markovianity of p(x|y) can pose problems; in particular, such situations occur in textured images segmentation [21]. To remedy this, the use of pairwise Markov fields (PMF), in which one directly assumes the Markovianity of (X,Y), has been discussed in [26]. Both p(y|x) and p(x|y) are then Markovian, the former ensuring possibilities of modeling textures without approximations, and the latter allowing Bayesian processing, similar to those provided by HMF. PMF have then been generalized to ‘‘triplet’’ Markov fields (TMF), in which the distribution of the pair Z = (X,Y) is the marginal distribution of a Markov field T = (X,U,Y), where U = (Us)s2S is an auxiliary random field [27]. Once the space K of possible values of each Us is simple enough, TMF still allow one to estimate the unobservable X = x from the observed Y = y. Given that in TMF T = (X,U,Y) the distribution of Z = (X,Y) is its marginal distribution, the Markovianity of T does not necessarily imply the Markovianity of Z; and thus a TMF model is not necessarily a PMF one. Therefore, TMF are more general than PMF and thus are likely to be able to model more complex situations. Conversely, a PMF model can be seen as a particular TMF model in which X = U. There are some studies concerning triplet Markov chains [18,28], where general ideas somewhat similar to those discussed in the present paper, have been investigated. However, as Markov fields based processing is quite different from the Markov chains based one, we will concentrate here on Markov fields with no further reference to Markov chains.
by
Dalila Benboudjema, Wojciech Pieczynski
Abstract
Hidden Markov fields (HMF) models are widely applied to various problems arising in
image processing. In these models, the hidden process of interest X is a Markov field and must be estimated from its observable noisy version Y. The success of HMF is mainly due to the fact that the conditional probability distribution of the hidden process with respect to the observed one remains Markovian, which facilitates different processing strategies such as Bayesian restoration. HMF have been recently generalized to ‘‘pairwise’’ Markov fields (PMF), which offer similar processing advantages and superior modeling capabilities. In PMF one directly assumes the Markovianity of the pair (X,Y). Afterwards, ‘‘triplet’’ Markov fields (TMF), in which the distribution of the pair (X,Y) is the marginal distribution of a Markov field (X,U,Y), where U is an auxiliary process, have been proposed and still allow restoration processing. The aim of this paper is to propose a new parameter estimation method adapted to TMF, and to study the corresponding unsupervised image segmentation methods. The latter are validated via experiments and real image processing.
@ 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Hidden Markov fields; Pairwise Markov fields; Triplet Markov fields; Bayesian classification; Mixture estimation; Iterative conditional estimation; Stochastic gradient; Unsupervised image segmentation
1. Introduction
Hidden Markov fields (HMF) are widely used in solving various problems, comprising two stochastic processes X = (Xs)s2S and Y = (Ys)s2S, in which X = x is unobservable and must be estimated from the observed Y = y. This wide use is due to the fact that standard Bayesian restoration methods can be used in spite of the large size of S: see [3,12,19] for seminal papers and [14,33], among others, for general books. The qualifier ‘‘hidden Markov’’ means that the hidden process X has a Markov law. When the distributions p (y|x) of Y conditional on X = x are simple enough, the pair (X,Y) then retains the Markovian structure, and likewise for the distribution p(x|y) of X conditional on Y = y. The Markovianity of p(x|y) is crucial because it allows one to estimate the unobservable X = x from the observed Y = y, even in the case of very rich sets S. However, the simplicity of p (y|x) required in standard HMF to ensure the Markovianity of p(x|y) can pose problems; in particular, such situations occur in textured images segmentation [21]. To remedy this, the use of pairwise Markov fields (PMF), in which one directly assumes the Markovianity of (X,Y), has been discussed in [26]. Both p(y|x) and p(x|y) are then Markovian, the former ensuring possibilities of modeling textures without approximations, and the latter allowing Bayesian processing, similar to those provided by HMF. PMF have then been generalized to ‘‘triplet’’ Markov fields (TMF), in which the distribution of the pair Z = (X,Y) is the marginal distribution of a Markov field T = (X,U,Y), where U = (Us)s2S is an auxiliary random field [27]. Once the space K of possible values of each Us is simple enough, TMF still allow one to estimate the unobservable X = x from the observed Y = y. Given that in TMF T = (X,U,Y) the distribution of Z = (X,Y) is its marginal distribution, the Markovianity of T does not necessarily imply the Markovianity of Z; and thus a TMF model is not necessarily a PMF one. Therefore, TMF are more general than PMF and thus are likely to be able to model more complex situations. Conversely, a PMF model can be seen as a particular TMF model in which X = U. There are some studies concerning triplet Markov chains [18,28], where general ideas somewhat similar to those discussed in the present paper, have been investigated. However, as Markov fields based processing is quite different from the Markov chains based one, we will concentrate here on Markov fields with no further reference to Markov chains.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)