Attribution Theory By Fritz Heider

BACKGROUND THEORY 
At first, the beginning, the theory raised by Fritz Heider was born. Heider research how the creation of personal relationships he describes in the book: The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, published in 1958. Heider In the book accompanying concept he calls "common-sense" or "naive" psychology. Heider believes that a person's actions berdasarkaan their beliefs. Heider convey the basic idea, that people try to find whether a motivation of an observed behavior is caused by situational characteristics or personal. So the concept of "causal attribution" - As time goes on Heider's theory evolved. This theory was developed by E.E. Jones and K.E.Davis (1965) and expanded and clarified by H.H.Kelley (1979). 

PRINCIPLES THEORY 
Attribution is one conclusion as to the cause of an event, the cause of other people's behavior, and the behavior it self. Attribution theory is concerned with the procedures in which people explain the behavior and motivations of others. 

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Adaptive Structuration Theory By Marshall Scott Poole

BACKGROUND 
Marshall Scott Poole is a professor of communication at Texas A & M University who developed the Theory of Adaptive Structuration. This theory is based on the Theory of Structuration (Structuration Theory) Anthony Giddens. This theory is defined as "the production and reproduction of social systems through the use of rules and resources of members in interaction". DeSanctis and Poole adapted Giddens theory to study the interaction of groups and organizations with information technology and called Adaptive Structuration Theory. 

The concept of Giddens Structuration inspired the Theory of Adaptive Structuration by Poole, Poole called his theory of adaptive because group members deliberately adjust resources to meet the goals and rules. Poole believes that the value of the theory group of decision makers who make a foothold on the complexity of the interaction.

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Social Influence Theory By Paul F. Lazarsfeld

BACKGROUND
Paul F. Lazarsfeld was born in Viena, Austria, February 13, 1901., He was a son of Robert Lazarsfeld, a lawyer, and Sofie Munk, F. Lazarsfeld Psikologi.Paul this is a mathematics undergraduate at the University of Viena Lazarsfeld also a Graduate sociology of Comunicólogo sociological Austria is one of the most influential social experts in the era of mass. Because kerorisinalnya and unity of ideas, energy and personal attractiveness, productivity and social research he did, his influence in the field of sociology and social research has been the recognition in America and Europe. He has found a variety of theories, and one of them is the Theory of Social Influence.

The Social Influnce Theory originated from the need arises opinion leaders to convey the message to the audience, then along with the development time and the more modern era, the way the messenger conveyed through advertising. The appearance of the message through an advertisement because in order to be more effective and efficient way of delivering the message.

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Self Theory By Carl Rogers

BACKGROUND 
This in theory instigated by Carl Rogers, Rogers was a famous writer, Carl Rogers was born on January 08, 1902, in the park, Illinois, a Chicago suburb. The emergence of this theory based on his experience as a therapist who had for years and examine the development of a person's personality based on its customers. 

ESSENCE 
Self theory of bases on the assumption that "human beings are a perfect contrast to other creatures, where humans can accept all the experiences that exist at the time given, whether conscious or unconscious." (Rogers, 1959). Every human being living in the world of personal experience in which he (the I, me, or myself the I, me, or my self) into the center. (Carl Rogers) Humans also evolved to find his true identity. (Hall & Lindzey, 1985; Rogers, 1959). 

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Jenis-Jenis Teknik Sampling

a.      Sampling Peluang (Probabilistic Sampling)

Pada saat pemilihan satuan sampling melibatkan unsur peluang untuk terpilih.

§  Sampling Acak Sederhana (Simple Random Sampling)

§  Sampling dengan Strafikasi (Stratified Random Sampling)

§  Sampling Sistematik (Systematic Sampling)

§  Klaster Sampling (Cluster Sampling)

b.     Sampling Non Peluang (Non Probabilistic Sampling)

Dalam proses pemilihan satuan sampling tidak melibatkan peluangnya. Pada sampling ini analisis statistika inferensial tidak dapat digunakan.

Beberapa sampling non peluang :

1.  Sampling Sukarela (Voluntary Sampling). Satuan sampling diperoleh secara sukarela, contohnya dibidang kedokteran.

2.  Sampling Seadanya (Accidental Sampling / Haphazard Sampling). Sampling ini satuan samplingnya diperoleh secara sembarangan, contohnya penelitian dibidang arkeologi.

3.  Purposive Sampling (Judgement Sampling / Expert Choice). Dalam sampling ini pemilihan satuan sampling dilakukan atas dasar pertimbangan pakar Contohnya : untuk menyusun Indeks Biaya Hidup terkait dengan biaya makan untuk sehari, biaya listrik bulanan, dll.

4.   Snowball Sampling. Untuk penelitian penyakit kelamin satuan samplingnya WTS. Jika ditemukan orang pertama menderita penyakit kelamin, kemudian ditanyakan nama yang lainnya.

5.  Quota Sampling. Tipe sampling ini banyak digunakan dalam marketing research dan dalam polling pendapat.

Sumber Buku :

1. Singarimbun, Masri dan Sofian Effendi,1989. Metode Penelitian Survey.Lembaga Pemdidikan dan Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial (LP3ES).
2. Prijana, 2005. Metode Sampling Terapan untuk Penelitian Sosial. HUMANIORA. Bandung

Teori Dasar Teknik Sampling

Populasi adalah keseluruhan objek psikologis yang dibatasi oleh kriteria tertentu. Dimana objek psikologis ini bisa konkret (contohnya orang) ataupun abstrak (contohnya sikap). Banyaknya objek populasi disebut ukuran populasi (dilambangkan dengan N). Ukuran populasi ada yang tidak terhingga (karena besarnya tidak dapat dihitung) dan terhingga (besarnya masih dapat dihitung). Sampling adalah proses memilih objek-objek psikologis dari sebuah populasi tertentu.

Keuntungan dari sampling :

1.      Mengurangi biaya.

2.      Lebih cepat karena waktu yang dibutuhkan lebih sedikit dari sensus.

3.      Cakupan lebih luas

4.      Lebih akurat.

Langkah-langkah untuk survei adalah :

1.      Tentukan tujuan survei

2.      Tentukan populasi sasaran yaitu populasi yang nantinya akan menjadi cakupan kesimpulan penelitian.

3.      Tentukan tingkat ketelitian yang diinginkan.

4.      Tentukan metode pengukuran yang akan digunakan.

5.      Buat kerangka sampling yaitu daftar satuan sampling yang ada dalam sebuah populasi. Satuan sampling yaitu segala sesuatu yang oleh peneliti akan dijadikan unit untuk menjadi objek pemilihan.

6.      Lakukan pemilihan sampel, besarnya ukuran sampel ditentukan juga oleh tingkat presisi yang diinginkan.

7.      Uji pendahuluan terhadap data  misalnya dengan uji validitas dan reabilitas.

8.      Ringkasan dan analisis data.

Sumber Buku :

1. Singarimbun, Masri dan Sofian Effendi,1989. Metode Penelitian Survey.Lembaga Pemdidikan dan Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial (LP3ES).
2. Prijana, 2005. Metode Sampling Terapan untuk Penelitian Sosial. HUMANIORA. Bandung